Advanced Reading Lesson21-30

Read the article and have a discussion based on the following questions.

記事を読んで次の質問に応えてください。

Lesson 21: How to Stay Safe from Scams

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How to Stay Safe from Scams Questions

In today’s digital world, scams are becoming more sophisticated, making it essential to stay vigilant. Whether it’s a fake email, a suspicious phone call, or a deceptive online offer, anyone can fall victim. Here are some practical tips to help you recognize and avoid scams.​

Be Skeptical of Unsolicited Offers

If you receive an unexpected message claiming you’ve won a prize or offering a deal that seems too good to be true, it’s wise to be cautious. Scammers often use such tactics to lure individuals into providing personal information or money. Always verify the legitimacy of such offers by checking official websites or contacting the organization directly.​

Protect Your Personal Information

Never share sensitive information like your Social Security number, bank account details, or passwords with unknown individuals or organizations. Scammers may pose as representatives from trusted institutions to gain your confidence. If you’re unsure about a request, it’s best to decline and consult with someone you trust.​

Verify Before You Click

Be cautious with emails or messages that contain links, especially if they’re from unfamiliar sources. Scammers often use fake websites that closely resemble legitimate ones to steal your information. Look for signs like misspelled URLs or unusual email addresses. When in doubt, navigate to the official website directly rather than clicking on provided links.​

Take Your Time

Scammers often create a sense of urgency to pressure you into making quick decisions. They might claim your account is at risk or that you need to act immediately to claim a reward. Remember, legitimate organizations will give you time to consider your options. Don’t let urgency cloud your judgment.

Report Suspicious Activity

If you suspect you’ve encountered a scam, report it to the appropriate authorities. In Japan, you can contact your local Consumer Affairs Center (Shouhiseikatsu Center). They provide advice and support for consumers who have experienced fraud or other problems. You can also call the nationwide Consumer Hotline at 188, which connects you to the nearest center. Reporting helps protect others and allows authorities to take action against scammers.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Which tips from the article do you think will be helpful for you?

3. What is your immediate reaction when you get a suspicious email or message?

4. Have you ever received scam calls? How did you handle them?

5. Do you know anyone whose online account has been compromised?

6. Who would you consult for advice if you suspected you were being scammed?

7. Do you have many online accounts?

8. What concerns you the most about online safety?

9. Are there specific measures you take to safeguard your personal information on the internet?

10. Who do you consider to be the most knowledgeable about technology among your acquaintances?

Lesson 22: A Glimmer of Life Beyond Earth: New Clues from a Distant World

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A Glimmer of Life Beyond Earth: New Clues from a Distant World Questions

Have you ever wondered if life exists somewhere else in the universe? Scientists may have just found an exciting clue. A team from the University of Cambridge has found possible signs of life on a faraway planet called K2-18b, which is about 124 light-years from Earth.

Using the powerful James Webb Space Telescope, the researchers studied the planet’s atmosphere and found something surprising: tiny amounts of two chemicals called dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). On Earth, these gases are almost always made by living things, especially tiny sea creatures like plankton.

That’s why this discovery is so interesting. If these gases are also coming from living things on K2-18b, it could mean we are not alone in the universe. However, scientists are very careful with big claims like this. The lead researcher, Dr. Nikku Madhusudhan, said that while this is an exciting result, it’s too early to say for sure that life is there. More studies are needed to check if something else—like a natural chemical reaction—could also produce these gases.

K2-18b is a special kind of planet called a “sub-Neptune.” It’s bigger than Earth but smaller than Neptune and is located in what’s called the “habitable zone.” That means it’s not too hot and not too cold, so water could exist in liquid form—something important for life.

Even though K2-18b is very different from Earth, it’s in just the right place for life to be possible. Scientists are excited about what they’ve found, and they plan to keep looking at the planet with better tools and more information.

This discovery doesn’t prove that alien life exists, but it brings us one step closer to answering a big question: Are we alone in the universe?

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever wondered if there is life outside Earth? Why or why not?

3. Do you think scientists will find life on another planet during your lifetime?

4.  What do you think life on another planet might look like?

5. Would you like to travel to space if it became possible? Why or why not?

6. Would you feel excited or scared if we contacted intelligent aliens?

7. What do you find most fascinating about the universe?

8. If humans found a habitable planet, should we try to live there?

9. How would you feel if we discovered life on another planet?

10. Do you believe it’s worth spending money to search for life in space?

Lesson 23: The Cycling Revolution in Paris

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The Cycling Revolution in Paris Questions

Just a few years ago, bicycles were mostly seen in Paris during the Tour de France or on weekend rides by the Seine. Today, however, they have become a central part of daily life in the French capital. In fact, bicycles now outnumber cars in the heart of the city—a major shift driven by both public policy and cultural change.

According to a recent study by the Institut Paris Region (IPR), bicycles are now used for 11% of all trips in central Paris, compared to just 4% for cars. That’s a significant change from 2010, when only 3% of journeys were made by bike. Walking and public transportation remain the most common ways to get around, but cycling is rapidly catching up.

To understand these new habits, the IPR tracked the movement of over 3,000 people, aged 16 to 80, using GPS devices and travel diaries. The results show how dramatically transportation patterns are shifting—especially within the city center.

This transformation didn’t happen overnight. Over the past decade, Paris has invested millions of euros in making the city more bike-friendly. More than 1,000 kilometers of cycle paths now crisscross the city. Dedicated bike lanes, improved traffic signals, and large public bike-rental systems have encouraged many Parisians to ditch their cars. Some routes that once struggled to accommodate cyclists are now overflowing with two-wheeled commuters.

French newspaper Le Monde reported that in certain neighborhoods, the number of cyclists counted in October 2023 was twice as high as the year before. This trend shows that Parisians are not just responding to environmental messages—they’re changing the way they live.

However, the shift is not complete. In the suburbs, cars still dominate, especially for local trips. Yet even there, people often switch to public transport when heading into the city, suggesting a growing openness to more sustainable ways of moving.

The rise of the bicycle in Paris is more than a transportation change—it’s a cultural one. And if current trends continue, the future of the French capital may well be powered by pedals.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Do you feel safe riding a bicycle in your city or town?

3. Do many people use bikes to get around your town or city?

4. Would you switch from driving a car to biking if it were more convenient?

5. Do you think your city should invest more in bike lanes? Why or why not?

6. What are the advantages of biking over using a car in a big city?

7. Would you like to live in a city where bikes outnumber cars? Why or why not?

8. How does public transportation compare to biking in your area?

9. How can governments encourage people to use bicycles more?

10. Do you think using bicycles more often can help solve environmental problems?

Lesson 24: A Digital Lifeline: How Technology Helps Older Adults Stay Sharp

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 A Digital Lifeline: How Technology Helps Older Adults Stay Sharp Questions

When 72-year-old Hiroshi bought his first smartphone, he didn’t expect it to change his life. At first, he used it just to call his grandchildren or check the weather. But slowly, Hiroshi discovered new ways to stay active—playing brain-training games, joining online book clubs, and even learning how to order groceries through an app. He soon realized that this small device was doing more than just keeping him entertained. It was helping him feel more connected, independent, and mentally sharp.

For years, people have worried that too much screen time could harm our brains—a condition some call “digital dementia.” This idea suggests that heavy use of technology might lead to memory loss or reduced thinking skills. But recent research is challenging that view, especially for older adults.

A new study from the US analyzed data from over 411,000 adults and found something surprising. Older people who used digital technology regularly had a 42% lower risk of cognitive decline compared to those who didn’t. The technology used ranged from smartphones and computers to social media and email, and the average age of participants was 68.

Why might this be? Experts believe there are a few possible reasons. First, using digital tools may help keep the brain active, like a workout for the mind. Second, staying connected through technology can reduce feelings of loneliness, which is known to harm brain health over time.

In Japan, efforts are being made to design technology that supports older adults’ independence. From easy-to-use devices to apps that encourage social interaction, the goal is to help people like Hiroshi live full, independent lives well into their later years.

Still, researchers caution that more studies are needed. It’s unclear how long people need to use technology to see benefits, or whether lifelong tech users will have the same results. But one thing is certain: technology is no longer just a young person’s game. For many seniors, it’s becoming a valuable tool for staying healthy, connected, and mentally strong.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever helped an older family member use a new device or app? What was the experience like?

3. Do you think using technology helps people feel more connected to others? Why or why not?

4. When was the last time you went a whole day without looking at a screen?

5. Have you ever felt that too much screen time has harmed your health or focus?

6. Do you use technology regularly to communicate with friends or family? How does it affect your relationships?

7. What kind of social interactions do you prefer—online or face-to-face? Why?

8. Do you know someone who lives independently thanks to technology? What tools or devices do they use?

9. How do you usually try to stay active—physically or mentally?

10.Do you believe technology can help lower the risk of cognitive decline? Why or why not?

Lesson 25: What Really Makes a Good Day? A Deeper Look at Happiness

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What Really Makes a Good Day? A Deeper Look at Happiness Questions

“Did you have a good day?” It’s a simple question, but behind it lies a deeper mystery: What truly makes a day feel meaningful and fulfilling? A group of researchers from Canada and Switzerland tried to answer this by studying data from the American Time Use Survey and using AI to find patterns in people’s daily lives.

They found that spending time with friends played a major role in shaping a positive day. In fact, the more social interaction people had, the more likely they were to report having a “good” day. Surprisingly, simply relaxing didn’t bring the same level of satisfaction. Instead, meaningful activities and strong relationships seemed to matter more.

Interestingly, working for up to six hours didn’t hurt people’s mood. But working more than that often led to a drop in overall happiness. This highlights the importance of balance—too little activity can feel empty, but too much can feel overwhelming.

These findings match what other happiness experts have said: true happiness isn’t just about short-term pleasure, but also about long-term fulfillment. According to Moore Momentum and the World Economic Forum’s articles on happiness, purpose, growth, and connection are essential. Small daily actions—like choosing to connect with someone, helping others, or setting personal goals—can build what researchers call “lifelong happiness.”

The key message is this: happiness isn’t something that happens by chance. It’s something we can shape by making intentional choices. A good day is often one where we feel progress, presence, and connection—not necessarily one with the most free time.

So next time you ask yourself, “Did I have a good day?” you might also ask, “Did I grow? Did I connect? Did I live with purpose?”

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. What makes a “good day” for you?

3. Do you feel happier on days when you spend more time with others?

4. How many hours a day do you usually work or study?

5. Have you ever noticed that working too much affects your mood?

6. What activities help you feel fulfilled at the end of the day?

7. Do you believe social connection is more important than relaxation? Why or why not?

8. How do you balance work, rest, and social time in your daily life?

9. Do you think short-term pleasure is worth it if it doesn’t lead to long-term happiness?

10. Do you think happiness happens by chance or by the way you live? Why?

Lesson 26: Overcoming Phobias: Strategies for Managing Irrational Fears

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Overcoming Phobias: Strategies for Managing Irrational Fears Questions

Phobias are intense, irrational fears of specific objects, situations, or activities that pose little or no actual danger. Affecting millions worldwide, phobias can severely limit individuals’ daily activities and overall quality of life. While the triggers vary — ranging from water and heights to flying or public speaking — the psychological mechanisms underlying phobias are often similar: an overwhelming sense of threat and a strong desire to avoid the feared stimulus.

Fortunately, research in psychology has identified several effective strategies for overcoming phobias. One widely supported method is gradual exposure therapy, where individuals are slowly and systematically introduced to the object or situation they fear. Rather than facing the fear all at once, individuals might start with small, manageable steps. For example, someone with a fear of flying might begin by visiting an airport, later boarding a stationary aircraft, and eventually taking a short flight.

Controlled breathing and relaxation techniques are also essential tools. Fear responses are often accompanied by rapid breathing, increased heart rate, and muscle tension. Practicing slow, deep breathing and mindfulness can help individuals remain calm during exposure, reducing the intensity of their fear over time.

In addition, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has proven highly effective for many types of phobias. CBT helps individuals identify and challenge irrational beliefs about the feared object or situation, replacing them with more realistic and balanced thoughts. Through this process, the emotional power of the phobia is gradually weakened.

Some individuals may also benefit from professional support, such as working with a psychologist or counselor trained in treating anxiety disorders. In certain cases, medication may be prescribed to manage severe symptoms, although therapy is typically the primary treatment.

Importantly, overcoming a phobia is a gradual process. Success often requires patience, persistence, and a willingness to tolerate discomfort in the short term for long-term relief. With appropriate strategies and support, even long-standing phobias can be managed, allowing individuals to regain control over their lives and enjoy a greater sense of freedom and well-being.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever had a phobia? If so, what was it?

3. Do you know anyone who has a phobia?

4. What were your biggest fears when you were a kid?

5. When was the last time you tried something scary?

6. What advice would you give to someone who’s trying to overcome a fear?

7. How do you usually remain calm when you are feeling anxious?

8. Do you think fear is always irrational, or can it sometimes be reasonable?

9. Have you ever helped a friend or family member overcome a fear? How did you do it?

10. Do you think it’s possible for anyone, at any age, to overcome a deeply rooted phobia?

Lesson 27: The Paradox of Japan’s Powerful Passport

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The Paradox of Japan’s Powerful Passport Questions

Japan holds one of the most powerful passports in the world, giving its citizens visa-free access to 190 countries. Yet, surprisingly few Japanese people take advantage of this privilege. According to Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, only about 17% of the population currently owns a passport — roughly one in six people. This percentage is far lower than in countries like South Korea (40%) or the United States (50%).

While some may assume the pandemic is to blame, the downward trend actually started before COVID-19. In 2013, the passport ownership rate was 24%, and it had already dropped below 20% by 2021. Although international borders have reopened and tourism is recovering, the number of Japanese people traveling abroad remains much lower than pre-pandemic levels.

Several factors help explain this shift. First, economic reasons play a major role. The weak yen has made foreign travel more expensive, and global inflation continues to raise costs for flights, accommodations, and meals. As a result, overseas vacations have become less appealing — especially for families and students.

But the issue goes deeper than money. Cultural preferences and generational changes are also influencing travel habits. During the pandemic, the government promoted domestic tourism through campaigns that covered up to 50% of travel costs. Many people rediscovered the charm of exploring Japan’s own landscapes, food, and traditions. Younger generations, in particular, now show less interest in studying or living abroad compared to youth in other Asian countries.

Meanwhile, inbound tourism is booming. Japan welcomed nearly 37 million foreign visitors in 2024. However, only 13 million Japanese citizens traveled abroad that same year — nearly half the number before the pandemic.

Despite holding one of the most globally mobile passports, Japan’s citizens appear increasingly content to stay closer to home. Whether this is a lasting trend or just a temporary reaction to global changes remains to be seen.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Do you have a passport? If so, When did you last use it?

3. Would you rather travel abroad or explore your own country? Why?

4. How did the pandemic change your travel habits or plans?

5. Do you think domestic travel can be just as enjoyable as traveling overseas? Why or why not?

6. Are you interested in studying or living abroad in the future? Why or why not?

7. What are your thoughts on the fact that so few people in Japan own a passport?

8. Do you think traveling has become less appealing due to higher costs recently?

9. Have you noticed any changes in tourism in your country since the pandemic?

10. What do you think might encourage more people to travel abroad in the future?

Lesson 28: Rethinking Famous Places: When Travel Doesn’t Meet Expectations

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Rethinking Famous Places: When Travel Doesn’t Meet Expectations Questions

When people dream about traveling the world, they often imagine visiting famous landmarks and well-known cities. From the Eiffel Tower to Times Square, these places attract millions of tourists each year. However, many travelers have discovered that some destinations don’t always live up to the hype.

In a recent online discussion, people shared their most underwhelming travel experiences. Surprisingly, many famous spots were mentioned. For example, some visitors felt disappointed by the Hollywood Walk of Fame. They expected glamour and excitement but found it crowded, dirty, and full of tourist traps. Others mentioned that the Mona Lisa, one of the world’s most famous artworks, seemed much smaller and harder to appreciate than they had imagined.

The reason for these feelings might be linked to our high expectations. Social media and travel websites often show perfect photos, making us believe that every famous place will be magical. But when we arrive, reality can be very different. Long lines, high prices, and too many people can quickly spoil the experience.

Interestingly, many travelers said that their best memories came from unexpected places. A small café in a quiet town, a conversation with a local, or a beautiful view off the beaten path often brought more joy than the top tourist spots. These simple moments felt more personal and meaningful.

Experts say this is a good reminder to keep an open mind when traveling. Instead of focusing only on famous landmarks, travelers should explore less popular areas and enjoy the journey itself. After all, travel is not just about ticking off a checklist—it’s about discovering new perspectives and making personal connections.

In the end, even if a famous place doesn’t meet your expectations, it can still be part of a great adventure. And sometimes, the most memorable moments are the ones you never planned at all.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever been disappointed by a tourist attraction?

3. What is your dream travel destination, and why?

4. Do you usually plan your trips carefully or explore freely?

5. What’s the most memorable trip you’ve ever taken?

6. Do you like to travel off the beaten path or stick to tourist spots?

7. Have you ever been caught in a tourist trap? What happened?

8. Which of the places you’ve been to would you like to visit again?

9. Have you ever been pleasantly surprised by a place you didn’t have high expectations for?

10. Has travel ever changed your perspective on something important?

Lesson 29: Why Ad Hominem Attacks Undermine Every Argument

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Why Ad Hominem Attacks Undermine Every Argument Questions

In today’s fast-paced world, where people often get emotional—especially online—discussions often shift from ideas to insults. One of the most common and damaging forms of faulty reasoning is the ad hominem attack. Instead of addressing someone’s actual argument, the speaker attacks the person behind it.

This type of reasoning may feel satisfying in the moment, particularly during heated debates or on social media, but it significantly weakens the quality of discourse. Ad hominem attacks take many forms: questioning a speaker’s motives, mocking their background, or bringing up unrelated personal traits. For example, dismissing someone’s opinion on education policy just because they didn’t attend college is an ad hominem fallacy. Their argument might still be valid, regardless of their academic background.

Why is this so harmful? First, it distracts from the issue at hand. Instead of focusing on facts or logic, the conversation turns into a personal battle. Second, it shuts down meaningful exchange. When people feel attacked personally, they become defensive rather than open to discussion. Third, it can lead others to believe that personal flaws invalidate good ideas—something that’s simply not true.

According to experts in psychology and communication, relying on ad hominem arguments often signals a lack of confidence in one’s own position. It’s a shortcut—a way to “win” without having to engage in real critical thinking. But in reality, such tactics only win applause from those who already agree with you; they don’t persuade thoughtful opponents.

To improve public debate, especially in classrooms, boardrooms, and media spaces, we need to recognize and reject these personal attacks. Instead, focus on the logic, evidence, and reasoning behind a claim. Disagree with the idea, not the individual.

Ultimately, civil discourse relies on mutual respect—even in disagreement. The next time a conversation heats up, remember: attacking someone’s character doesn’t make your argument stronger. It only proves you’ve already lost the debate.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. Have you ever seen someone use an ad hominem attack in a conversation or online? How did it make you feel?

3. Why do you think people use personal attacks instead of focusing on ideas?

4. Do you find it hard to stay calm when someone disagrees with you? Why or why not?

5. Which of your friends or family do you argue with most often?

6. How would you rate your debating skills?

7. Do you feel confident when expressing your opinion in group discussions? Why or why not?

8. How do you usually respond when someone brings up a topic you strongly disagree with?

9. How can you tell the difference between a strong argument and faulty reasoning?

10. In your opinion, what makes a discussion productive and respectful?

Lesson 30:Japan’s Ramen Rivalry: A Culinary Competition with National Flavor

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Japan’s Ramen Rivalry: A Culinary Competition with National Flavor Questions

Across Japan, ramen is more than just a popular dish—it has become a symbol of local pride, regional identity, and even economic strategy. As the global popularity of Japanese cuisine continues to rise, several Japanese cities are actively competing to become recognized as the country’s top “ramen destination.”

Sapporo, the capital of Hokkaido, is often credited as the birthplace of miso ramen. Known for its thick noodles, rich broth, and toppings such as butter and corn, Sapporo’s ramen has become a staple for winter visitors seeking warmth and flavor. The city’s commitment to promoting its local ramen is evident in events, ramen alleys, and collaborations with tourism agencies.

Further south, Fukuoka is famous for tonkotsu (pork bone) ramen. With its creamy, deeply savory broth and thin noodles, Hakata-style ramen is both iconic and widely imitated. The city has established itself as a ramen powerhouse, with countless specialty shops and even a ramen stadium that draws visitors year-round.

Meanwhile, Kitakata in Fukushima Prefecture offers a different ramen experience. Known for its soy sauce-based broth and wide, curly noodles, Kitakata has the highest number of ramen shops per capita in Japan. Despite its smaller size, the town has built a quiet reputation as a must-visit for true ramen enthusiasts.

Tokyo, on the other hand, serves as a melting pot of ramen styles. From spicy miso blends to vegan-friendly options, the capital offers innovation alongside tradition. Tokyo’s international appeal has also made it a hub for ramen tourism, with travelers from around the world lining up to try both classic and experimental bowls.

Local governments have begun recognizing ramen’s value not just as food, but as a cultural and economic asset. Regional marketing campaigns, food festivals, and even museum exhibits have helped turn ramen into a form of soft power that connects tradition with tourism.

As Japan’s cities continue to develop their own ramen identities, the humble noodle dish is playing an increasingly important role on both local and international stages—one steaming bowl at a time.

Questions Story

1. Summarize the content of the article.

2. What kind of cuisine do you enjoy the most, and why?

3. What dishes do you think everyone should try when visiting your country?

4. When you make soup, what kind of broth do you like to use?

5. Do you prefer savory or sweet snacks? Can you give an example?

6. What countries do you most want to visit for their food?

7. Have you ever tried to imitate a recipe from a restaurant at home? How did it turn out?

8. In your opinion, what is your country a powerhouse in? (e.g., technology, culture, food)

9. Is there a place you consider a must-visit for food lovers? Why?

10. Are you a food enthusiast? If so, what kind of food excites you the most?